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Criticism of fast food includes claimed negative health effects, alleged animal cruelty, cases of worker exploitation, and claims of cultural degradation via shifts in people's eating patterns away from traditional foods. Fast food chains have come under fire from consumer groups, such as the Center for Science in the Public Interest, a longtime fast food critic over issues such as caloric content, trans fats and portion sizes. Social scientists have highlighted how the prominence of fast food narratives in popular urban legends suggests that modern consumers have an ambivalent relationship (characterized by guilt) with fast food, particularly in relation to children.〔Robin Croft (2006), Folklore, families and fear: understanding consumption decisions through the oral tradition, ''Journal of Marketing Management'', 22:9/10, pp1053-1076, ISSN 0267-257X〕 Some of these concerns have helped give rise to the slow food and local food movements. These movements seek to promote local cuisines and ingredients, and directly oppose laws and habits that encourage fast food choices. Proponents of the slow food movement try to educate consumers about what its members consider the environmental, nutritional, and taste benefits of fresh, local foods. ==Health based criticisms== Many fast foods are rich in calories as they include considerable amounts of mayonnaise, cheese, salt, fried meat, and oil, thus containing high fat content (Schlosser). Excessive consumption of fatty ingredients such as these results in unbalanced diet. Proteins and vitamins are generally recommended for daily consumption rather than large quantities of carbohydrates or fat. Due to their fat content, fast foods are implicated in poor health and various serious health issues such as obesity and cardiovascular diseases. Additionally, there is strong empirical evidence showing that fast foods are also detrimental to appetite, respiratory system function, and central nervous system function (Schlosser). According to the Massachusetts Medical Society Committee on Nutrition, fast foods are commonly high in fat content, and studies have found associations between fast food intake and increased body mass index (BMI) and weight gain.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://ysweightloss.com/Fast_Food,_Race-Ethnicity,and_Income.pdf )〕 In particular many fast foods are high in saturated fats which are widely held to be a risk factor in heart disease.〔 * * * (【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.bda.uk.com/foodfacts/cholesterol.pdf ) * (【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/GettingHealthy/NutritionCenter/HealthyDietGoals/Frequently-Asked-Questions-About-Fats_UCM_306069_Article.jsp ) * (【引用サイトリンク】 Saturated Fat ) * (【引用サイトリンク】 Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors ) * (【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.nhs.uk/livewell/healthyhearts/pages/cholesterol.aspx ) * * (【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/1461.htm )〕 In 2010, heart disease was the number 1 ranking cause of death.〔“Name That Fast Food” New York Times, 17 Dec. 1985. GALE. Web. 6 Sept. 2013.〕 A 2006 study fed monkeys a diet consisting of a similar level of trans fats as what a person who ate fast food regularly would consume. Both diets contained the same overall number of calories. It was found that the monkeys who consumed higher levels of trans fat developed more abdominal fat than those fed a diet rich in unsaturated fats. They also developed signs of insulin resistance, an early indicator of diabetes. After six years on the diet, the trans fat fed monkeys had gained 7.2% of their body weight, compared to just 1.8% in the unsaturated fat group. The American Heart Association recommends consumption of about 16 grams of saturated fats a day.〔SaturatedFats.NHC.22 Aug.2013.Web.9 Sept.2013〕 The director of the obesity program for the Children's Hospital Boston, David Ludwig, says that "fast food consumption has been shown to increase caloric intake, promote weight gain, and elevate risk for diabetes". Excessive calories are another issue with fast food. According to B. Lin and E. Frazao, from the US Department of Agriculture(USDA), states the percentage of calories which can be attributed to fast-food consumption has increased from 3% to 12% of the total calories consumed in the United States. A regular meal at McDonald's consists of a Big Mac, large fries, and a large Coca-Cola drink amounting to 1,430 calories. The USDA recommends a daily caloric intake of for men and women (respectively) between 31 and 50, at a physical activity level equivalent to walking about 1.5 to 3 miles per day at 3 to 4 miles per hour in addition to the light physical activity associated with typical day-to-day life,〔http://www.cnpp.usda.gov/Publications/DietaryGuidelines/2010/PolicyDoc/PolicyDoc.pdf〕 with the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety guidance suggesting roughly the same levels.〔()〕 The fast food chain D'Lites, founded in 1978, specialized in lower-calorie dishes and healthier alternatives such as salads. It filed for bankruptcy in 1987 as other fast food chains began offering healthier options.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=FIU Hospitality Review )〕 McDonald's has been attempting to offer healthier options besides salads. They want to add fruit and milk as options for their happy meals and promote healthier ads and packaging for kids. The Alliance for a Healthier Generation has set a standard in hopes of pressuring fast food companies to make recommended healthier adjustments.〔Morrison, Maureen. "McD's vow to promote healthful menu options puts pressure on rivals; Fast-food leader says it will offer salads instead of fries with value meals and push milk and fruit for Happy Meals in industry watershed." Advertising Age 30 Sept. 2013: 0006. General OneFile. Web. 22 Nov. 2013.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Criticism of fast food」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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